Rama Sethu: Historic facts vs political fiction
V SUNDARAM
newstodaynet.com
Simon Cameron said, 'An honest politician is one who, when he is bought, will stay bought'. Karunanidhi is a rabidly racist and dishonest politician who even after he has been bought lock, stock, barrel, will politically bolt in the opposite direction and assert his rational Dravidian right with fervour based upon his grandiloquent and self-deluding notions of 'self-respect' founded upon anti-Aryan Dravidian racism, not to stay bought. No wonder he stabbed Atal Behari Vajpayee with delectable Dravidian delight just 2 or 3 months before Parliamentary Elections in 2004 and switched over to Sonia Gandhi - a non-Aryan Kannagi from Italy! As a politician Karunanidhi has always approached every controversial public question during the last 40 years with an open mouth, twisted tongue and a closed mind. As the senior most Dravidian politician, on the fundamental issue of the historical or literary or epigraphic evidence relating to the existence or otherwise of the Rama Sethu Bridge, he always strives to rise above established truth and principle. On this issue whenever he shakes your hand, he does so in the hope of shaking you down. On the controversial issue of his deliberate attempt in close political (commercial not excluded!!) collaboration and collusion with T R Baalu to somehow destroy by hook or by crook the Rama Sethu Bridge, a timeless symbol of Hindu faith and culture which has withstood the onslaught of centuries, Karunanidhi loves to talk in circles while standing foursquare. In his style of politics, no abominable absurdity is ever an impediment to his cosmic self-delusion. With him, a blatant untruth is not always a Himalayan lie. Romancing rationally, as he often revels in it, it only means the telling of 'secular' untruths that are not 'communal' falsehoods. Thomas Jefferson (1743 -1826), one of the founding fathers of the American state had very honorable and scrupulously truthful men like Karunanidhi in view when he declared: 'it is untruth alone which needs the support of government. Truth can stand by itself'.
I am not therefore surprised that in the Tamilnadu Legislative Assembly Karunanidhi recently came down heavily on 'religious fundamentalists' opposing the Sethusamudram Project under the pretext of saving Rama's bridge, appealing to them not to obstruct a scheme that would lead to prosperity. Karunanidhi also spoke like the Imam of Jamma Masjid when he said that the opponents of the scheme were 'religious fundamentalists' who wanted to create a situation similar to the one that obtained after the demolition of the Babri mosque. Further he has even put a great comedian like Kalaivanar N S Krishnan to shame by declaring in the Tamilnadu Legislative Assembly: 'Majority of those fundamentalists belong to north India and they do not want South India to prosper. By making this charge I am not raising the demand for a Dravidian country once again'.
In my view, Union Shipping Minister T R Baalu, Union Minister for Culture Ambika Soni, Tamilnadu Chief Minister Karunanidhi are all guilty of uttering unabashed falsehood when they say in unison: 'There is no credible or valid or tenable or acceptable archaeological or scientific evidence about the existence of Rama Sethu Bridge'. Their falsehood either individually or collectively or severally not only disagrees with historically established truths but also raucously (if not rationally!!) quarrel among themselves! Das Munshi, Union Minister for Parliamentary Affairs, has squarely beaten the virulently anti-Hindu trio of T R Baalu, Ambika Soni and Karunanidhi by declaring that Sethusamundaram (Rama Sethu Bridge) would not be allowed to be destroyed during the UPA rule like the Babri Masjid that was demolished when BJP was in power in Uttar Pradesh in December 1992! More and more original fireworks can be expected from other Union Ministers like Arjun Singh, Antuley, Mani Shankar Iyer on this very exciting and excitable 'secular' theme of planned destruction of Rama Sethu Bridge as an integral part of the Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project (SSCP).
When other politicians somersault on any public issue, Karunanidhi will always attack them as betrayers. When Karunanidhi himself indulges in the same game, he would expect the world around him to view it as a new article of his revised rational faith! I have browsed through the pages of Ramanathapuram District Gazetteer in Tamil published by Tamilnadu Government in 1972. In his forward dated 14 June 1972, Karunanidhi wrote as follows: 'To those policy-makers, scholars and public interested in ascertaining authentic and reliable information related to social, political, economic, and traditional lives, this district-wise gazetteer has been compiled as an encyclopaedic reference'. By publishing this Ramanathapuram District Gazetteer, a means will be provided for researches on this district's social history.
In this Gazetteer, the following details have been furnished about SETHU BRIDGE (Sethu Palam) or Adam's Bridge. Adam's Bridge is a name which evokes Islamic traditions. Adam banished from heaven, travelled walking on this bridge to reach Sri Lanka. This is also referred to as Nala Sethu and as Tiruvanai (Sacred dam) in Tamil. This is also referred to as RAMA SETHU. There is also another name called ADI SETHU. This bridge is 110 miles east-south-east of Madurai, 43 miles along the same direction from Ramanathapuram. The bridge is 15.5 miles east of Rameshwaram. This is called Ramar Palam because this bridge was built under the leadership of Hanuman and with the participation of Vaanara Sena (Kuranguppadai) and facilitated the crossing by Rama to reach Sri Lanka and to attain victory. Upto 1480 AD, this bridge had served as a land bridge to Sri Lanka. Thereafter, a severe cyclone created fissures changing the dimensions to 30 miles long and 1.25 miles wide....During the south-west monsoon season, severe ocean currents and surges impact on the Adam's Bridge.
In the same Gazetteer, it has also been stated 'Sethu is the bridge that has linked India with Sri Lanka for centuries from times immemorial. According to Karna Parambarai (Karna Tradition), in order to render continued help and assistance to the countless pilgrims visiting Rameshwaram and Sri Lanka, Lord Rama appointed Raja Rama Sethupathy of Ramanathapuram as Trustee and Guardian to guard the Rama Sethu Bridge'.
Karunanidhi is misleading Tamilnadu State and the nation by saying that great intellectuals like Sir A Ramaswamy Mudaliar had recommended the implementation of the Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project (SSCP) and that his proposals were not implemented. It is very clear that he has not cared to read the official Report of Sir A Ramaswamy Mudaliar. His main recommendation was that a canal should be aligned through Mandapam to create a land-based canal like the Panama or Suez Canal. Sir AR Mudaliar specifically warned that any idea of cutting a channel passage through the Adam's Bridge (that is, Rama Sethu or Sethubandha) SHOULD BE ABANDONED (see paragraph 16 of the official Report).
Karunanidhi is now denying the above facts both in the Tamilnadu Legislative Assembly and outside. Perhaps, Rajaji had 'great' and 'consistent' men like Karunanidhi in view when he spoke in the Tamilnadu Legislative Assembly in the early 1950s: 'Brutal and solid public facts do not cease to exist by our cussed refusal or voluntary ignorance to see or understand or recognise them'.
Lord Pentland was Governor of Madras from 1912 to 1919. He visited Rameshwaram in 1914 when Sir Alexander Tottenham (1873-1946) was the District Collector of Ramanathapuram. Lord Pentland was so overwhelmed by what he saw in Rameshwaram that he wrote as follows to Lord Hardinge, the then Viceroy of India: 'For me Rameshwaram, very much like India as a whole is the real world. We English men live in a mad house of abstractions. Vital life in Rameshwaram has not yet withdrawn into the capsule of the head. It is the whole body that lives. No wonder the English man feels dreamlike: the complete life of Rameshwaram is something of which he merely dreams.... I did not see an English man in India who really lived there. They are all living in England, that is, in a sort of bottle filled with English air.... History can be events or memory of events.... along the Bay of Bengal the Madras Presidency runs, with the well-governed city of Madras at its centre and the sublime and glorious temples of Tanjore, Tiruchi, Madurai and Rameshwaram adorning its Southern boundaries. And then Adam's Bridge- a reef of sunken islands' beckons us across the Palk Straits to Ceylon, where civilisation flourished more than 2000 years ago....Linga stones may be seen in many places on the highways in my Presidency. Hindus break upon them the coconuts which they are about to offer in sacrifice. Usually the phallic ritual is simple and becoming; it consists in anointing the stone with consecrated water or oil, and decorating it with leaves. At the Rameshwaram temple, the Linga stone is daily washed with Ganga water, which is afterwards sold to the pious, as holy water or mesmerized water has been sold in Europe. All these are a little part of my beloved Presidency - indeed my favourite India. Right from the dawn of history, India is extraordinarily continuous in time. In space, on the other hand, it is extraordinarily discontinuous....from early times in India, it is ethnology, philology, and archaeology that give and will give us some notions of the truth. From archaeology much can be expected. I would earnestly request you to direct the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to undertake an extensive and intensive survey of Rameshwaram and its beautiful environs, particularly with reference to the historic and primordial Adam's Bridge'. This very request of Lord Pentland has been made again by Dr Subramanian Swamy in his letter to Mrs Ambika Soni last month.
There is irrefutable and unassailable historic, literary, epigraphic and cartographic evidence about the existence of the Rama Sethu Bridge which can stand the strictest judicial scrutiny in any Court of Law. I will be presenting these facts in these columns in a serialized manner.This ought to put all the cowardly and unscrupulous politicians of Tamilnadu on the run!
I would assert my proud and unshakable constitutional right to be a Political Hindu, a Social Hindu, a Cultural Hindu, an Economic Hindu, a Religious Hindu and above all a Spiritual Hindu and declare from the house top that for more than 800 millions of Hindus in India and millions of Hindus outside India throughout the world the RAMA SETHU BRIDGE is as holy and as sacred as the Wailing Wall in Jerusalem to the Jews, the Vatican in Rome to the Roman Catholics, the Bodh Gaya in Bihar to the Buddhists and Mecca in Saudi Arabia to the Muslims.
In this timeless and transcendental cultural and religious continuum of ages past, I cannot help quoting the beautiful words of the great French philosopher and historian Etienne Gilson (1884-1978): 'History is the only permanent laboratory we have in which to test the consequences of our thought in the past, present and the future.' George Santayana (1863-1952) went to the extent of declaring 'A country without a memory is a country of madmen'.
Winston Churchill (1874-1965) not only made history but also wrote great history. He said 'History like a flickering lamp stumbles along the trail of the past, trying to reconstruct its scenes, to revive its echoes and to kindle with pale gleams the passions of former days'. These thoughts on history come in a flood to my mind when I try to survey the glorious history of the Rama Sethu Bridge. For an avid student of Indian history in general and India's cultural history in particular, the ancient and time-defying Rama Sethu of history and geography, of culture and tradition, of song and music , of legend and literature and above all the Rama Sethu of our minds and hearts can never change.
The great history of Rama Sethu through the ages presents the pleasantest features of poetry, drama and fiction�the majesty of the epic, the moving accidents of the drama, and the surprises and moral of the romance. What moves me and many others recount Rama Sethu through the Ages? I can only say with humility and reverence: 'I do so because it bridges the past with the future; it embodies the social memory of our civilization and is an inspiration to the present and future generations. After all, it is our Dharma, our responsibility to protect and safeguard the riches of this mother earth which we hold on temporary lease from our future generations.'
One of the greatest historians of all time Edward Gibbon (1737-1794) wrote his famous book 'The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'. Dr S.Kalyanaraman, the Edward Gibbon of India, is a great Cultural Historian and Linguistic Anthropologist who has authored several volumes on the history of Sindhu Saraswathi Civilization. I have been greatly moved and inspired by these words of Dr S Kalyanaraman: 'Rama Sethu is an ancient monument of national and international importance, a monument of pristine glory and sacredness at the confluence of the Punyabhumi with the life-giving waters of the Indian Ocean currents. It is a breath-taking geophysical reality, a metaphor of a civilization enshrining good triumphing over evil. Indeed, this millennial heritage of Bharatam is the very idiom of Sri Rama as vigrahavaan dharmah, Sri Rama as the personification of dharma venerated in many countries of the world and in particular, along the Indian Ocean Rim which constitute an Indian Ocean community (HINDUMAHAASAAGAR PARIVAAR). This Sethu is the bridge and a tirthasthana which bridges people and signifies the quintessence of the inclusive nature of Indian civilization. Archaeological, scientific, textual and cartographic evidences reinforce the imperative to declare and protect Rama Sethu as a World Heritage Site. Rama Sethu should become the inspiration to create an Indian Ocean Community, as a vibrant, developed comity of nations, inspired by the ideals of Sri Rama. The ideals venerated for generations is a legacy of an ideal human being who attained divinity; a prince, a son, a husband, a dharmaatmaa who was divine. Rama Sethu is an evocation of that sacred, indelible social memory of a civilization. The national poet, Kalidasa puts it eloquently in Raghuvamsa (sarga 13) � Rama, while returning from Sri Lanka in pushpaka vimaana, says: 'Behold, Sita !, See my Sethu of mountains dividing this frothy ocean is like the milky way dividing the sky into two parts'. This sacred monument of world heritage shall be preserved, as politics encounters history.'
Dr S Kalyanaraman has compiled a detailed monograph titled 'Rama Sethu through the Ages'. I am presenting some vital and irrefutable facts gleaned from his study to show as to why Should Rama Sethu or Sethu Bandha be deemed to be an ancient monument of national and international significance?
The most important source book for demonstrating, establishing and proving the importance and relevance of Rama Sethu is 'A HISTORICAL ATLAS OF SOUTH ASIA' edited by Joseph E Schwartzberg, published by the University of Chicago in 1978. In Schwartzberg's Atlas, on page-99, in a graphic map Holy Places of South Asia have been clearly indicated which includes all the holy places of Hinduism in India and South Asia. The legends shown on this map clearly demonstrate the importance of Rameshwaram and the link to Tirukketisvaram (in Sri Lanka) as a holy tirtha. Rameshwaram is recognized as one of the twelve jyotirlingas of Shiva. Sri Lanka gets associated with Naga. Historical sources attest to the fact that Rama Sethu was a land bridge linking Bharatam and Lanka for many millennia.
The Epics refer to the link between Kapaata and Lanka. From the time of the pre-Mauryan and Mauryan Empire (from 6th century BCEE), the holy site called Koti gained prominence. This is the short-form of Dhanushkoti, evoking the Ramayana narration of Sri Rama confronting Samudra Raja (King of Ocean) by fixing the end of his bow at this island which linked with Lanka at Tambapanni or Tamraparni (at a place called Mahatittha, meaning Maha Tirtha, or Great Tirthasthaana) through Sethu Bandha. Thus, the link between Dhanushkodi and Mahatittha has constituted the tirthasthaana for over two millennia, famed in history and tradition, song and legend.
During the Satavahana-Saka-Kusana age, c. A.D. 1-300, Rameshwaram close to Dhanushkodi gained prominence as a holy place. Puranic India (Bharata) recognized Sethuka as the bridge connecting Bharatam (Pandyan kingdom) and Lanka (then called Simhala). Koti (Dhanushkodi) and Mahatittha continued to be holy, religious places during post-Mauryan period, from circa 200 BCEE.
The region across the Rama Sethu constituted the limits of regions under the control of Rastrakuta during the age of the Gurjara-Pratiharas, Palas, and Rastrakutas, circa 700-975.
 | Naval expedition to southeast Aia leading to conquest of Srivijaya and its dependencies proceeded from Gangaikondacholapuram and contacts were also established with Maldive islands circa 1000 going through the Gulf of Mannar. Thus we have an exquisite Ajanta fresco depicting the arrival of King Vijaya in this region. During the period of Islamic expansion and changing Western views of South Asia, between 7th-12th centuries, the Rama Sethu (bridge) between Rameshwaram and Marqaya was also called Sethu Bandha, evoking the Prakrit kavya written in the 6th century by King Pravarasena with the title Sethu Bandha or Ravana Vaho. It was during this period, ca. 12th century that Sethu gets bracketed and referred to as Adam's Bridge linked to Islamic mythology (noted in the District Gazetteer of Ramanathapuram published by Tamilnadu Government in 1972 ). |
At the height of the Bhakti Movement from the 13th to the 15th century which coincided with the expansion of Islamic rule in India, the Sethu Bridge area and its environs got referred to as SETHUBANDHA RAMESHWARAM, as a holy tirtha. Two maps of Netherlands drawn in 16th and 17th centuries and a French map of 18th century, clearly refer to Adamsbrug (or Pont) as a functioning bridge between Rameshwaram and Talaimannar.
Coming to the 20th century, it is interesting to note that the great and pioneering film maker Phalke in an early talkie-movie immortalised the historic and religious significance of Sethu Bandha. He gave the same title to this movie ought to culturally shock all the third grade and rabidly communal politicians of Tamilnadu, with their own convoluted connections with the film world.
Even as NASA and Indian Space Research Organization images dramatically establish the land bridge between Bharatam and Sri Lanka today, these historical references to Rama Sethu come alive, aflame with fire and aglow with light, as an indestructible part of the imperishable tradition of the Bharatiya civilization. Finally what should not be lost sight of is that the Gulf of Mannar region got recognized by the United Nations Educational Social and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) as the first Marine Biosphere of South and Southeast Asia, in 1956. The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve covers an area of 1,050,000 hectares on the south-east coast of India across from Sri Lanka. It is one of the world's richest regions from a marine biodiversity perspective. Gulf of Mannar is the first marine area in India to be declared as World Biosphere Reserve under UNESCO's Man and Biosphere Programme. As a part of the conservation initiatives of the Government of Tamilnadu, a Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust (GOMBRT) has been formed with the support of Global Environmental Facility (GEF).
V SUNDARAM
It has been rightly said that the two eyes of history are geography and chronology. Both geography and chronology get vitally linked through cartography. We have irrefutable cartographical evidence about the fact of rama sethu bridge as it was known for thousands of years or adam's bridge as it came to be called during the colonial british period.
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 | We can see above the map of Hindustan dated 1st January 1988 Prepared by J Rennel, a pioneer in map-making.In this map, 'Rama Temple' and 'Ramar Bridge' were shown. This map. THis map is available in Saraswathi Mahal library |
In the 18th and 19th centuries in Western Europe and also British India, cartography was based on three pillars:
1. There were official surveys with the aim of topographical map series in large and medium scales and with problems in the geodetic field and in relief representation.
2. Atlas cartography, especially hand atlases and family atlases, with problems in getting and mastering the widespread source material and the appropriate design of small scale maps.
3. Education cartography, particularly school atlases and wall maps, with problems in didactically based map design and the representation of relief and altitude.
In so far as British India is concerned, innumerable maps coming under all the three categories above are available to prove the existence of Rama Sethu Bridge or Adam's Bridge in all the main libraries of the world.
Starting from 1747, some historic and rare maps are available for public scrutiny and judicial scrutiny to prove the reference to the existence of Ramar Coil/Rama Sethu Bridge. I am presenting below a map which was prepared in Netherlands in Europe in 1747. In this map we can see the inscription of the words 'RamarCoil' near Dhanushkodi. This map is available for public viewing in the Saraswati Mahal Library in Thanjavur. In a 1788 map, 'Rama temple' and 'Ramar Bridge' were shown. Here I am referring to 'A map of India entitled as a map of Hindoostan or the Moghul Empire from the latest authorities inscribed to Sir Joseph Banks Bart President of Royal Society - which was produced by Mr J Rennel, a pioneer in map making on 1January 1788. The original print of the map (112 c m x 106 cm) is available in the Saraswati Mahal Library.'
Next I am presenting below another map from a book titled CEYLON-AN ACCOUNT OF THE ISLAND by Sir James Emmerson Tennent published in 1810.
In the book referred to above, Sir James Tennent has referred to the Adam's bridge as follows
'On the north-west side of the Island, where the currents are checked by the obstruction of Adam's Bridge and still water prevails in the Gulf of Manaar, these deposits have been profusely heaped, and the low sandy pains have been proportionally extended; whilst on the south and east, where the current sweeps unimpeded along the coast , the line of the shore is bold and occasionally rocky. The explanation of the accretion and rising of the land is somewhat opposed to the popular belief that Ceylon was torn from the main land of India by a convulsion, during which the Gulf of Manaar and the narrow channel at Paumbam were formed by the submission of the adjacent land. The two theories might be reconciled by supposing the sinking to have occurred at an early period, and to have been followed by the uprising still in progress.'( http://www.lankaweb.com/news/features/ceylon3.html)
In 1804, a map was produced by Major James Rennel (1742-1830) who was the first Surveyor General of India in which he took particular care as a colonel administrator to change the name of Ramar Bridge into Adam's Bridge. I am presenting below this map by James Rennel prepared in 1804.
James Rennel's map of 1804 - Note that 'Ramar Bridge' has been changed to 'Adam's Bridge' in the above map.
Major James Rennel was a remarkable geographer, historian and a pioneer of oceanography. Born in 1742 in Devon in England, he entered the Royal Navy as a midshipman in 1756, and was present at the attack on Cherbourg (1758), and the disastrous action of St Cast in the Seven Years' War (1756-1763). After the end of the Seven Years War in 1763, James Rennel entered the service of the East India Company, and was appointed Surveyor General of Bengal and India (1764), with the rank of Captain in the Bengal Engineers. He worked as Surveyor General of India for the next 13 years and retired in 1777.The remaining fifty-three years of his life were spent in London, and were devoted to geographical research chiefly among the materials in the East India House. His most valuable works include the Bengal Atlas (1779), the first approximately correct map of India (1783), the Geographical System of Herodotus (1800), the Comparative Geography of Western Asia (1831), and important studies on the geography of northern Africa - in introductions to the Travels of Mungo Park and Hornemann. Beside his geographical and historical works James Rennell is known today for his hydrographical works about the currents in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean. During his last years he wrote his final and most important work 'Currents of the Atlantic Ocean', published postumeously by his daughter Jane in 1832, which held its scientific authority until 1936. His opening statement in this great book that 'the winds are to be regarded as the prime movers of the currents of the ocean' remains unchallenged to this day.
When James Rennel died in 1830, he was buried in Westminster Abbey Clements Markham, President of the Royal Geographical Society, in his biography of James Rennell published in 1895 paid this tribute to him: 'James Rennel was the founder of oceanography: that branch of geographical science which deals with the ocean, its winds and currents'.
 Major James Rennel (1742-1830) | In these columns yesterday I had referred to the seminal cartographical work of Joseph E Schwartzberg titled A HISTORICAL ATLAS OF SOUTH ASIA, published by the University of Chicago in 1978. In this book, there are detailed, interesting and graphic maps which enable us to see and understand how the environs of Rameshwaram and 'Rama Sethu Bridge' changed or altered from pre historic India till the attainment of our independence in 1947. I am presenting below a map from Joseph E Schwartzberg's Atlas relating to the Religious and cultural sites of the post-Mauryan period, c. 200 B.C.-A.D Religious and cultural sites of the post-Mauryan period, c. 200 B.C.-A.D. 300 (http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html- Joseph E Schwartzberg's Atlas page 22.) In the above map, Dhanushkoti has been referred to as Koti (which only means Dhanushkoti) We can also see from Joseph E Schwartzberg�s Atlas that in PURANIC INDIA Ramar Bridge was referred to as SETUKA. I am presenting below the concerned map relating to Puranic India from this Atlas (page 27 of the Atlas) An interesting map below relates to the age of the Ghaznavids, Cahmanas, Later Calukyas, and Colas, c. 975-1200 AD (http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=069 Schwartzberg Atlas, v. , p. 32.) In the above map Ramar Bridge has been referred to as SETU BANDHA Next we have a map relating to the time of the Khaljis and Tughluqs 1290- 1390 AD (Schwartzberg Atlas, v. , p. 38.) |
In the above map relating to the period of the Khaljis and Tughluqs 1290- 1390 AD, we can see that the Ramar Setu Bridge has been referred to as SETUBANDHA RAMESVARAM.
The cartographic facts I have presented above can be presented in any court of law to prove that Rama Setu or Ramar Bridge has existed and has been noted by rulers, geographers, explorers, scientists and cartographers for centuries. To conclude in the timeless words of Justice Grier (1794-1870): �A number of concurrent facts, like rays of light, all converging to the same centre, may throw not only a clear light but a burning conviction; a conviction of truth more infallible than the testimony even of two witnesses directly to a fact.�
A Non-Hindu Christian Union Cabinet Minister for Culture Mrs.Ambika Soni spoke like an Occidental Christian Despot of the Middle Ages when she recently informed the Lok Sabha: ''There is no archeological or historical evidence regarding the existence or otherwise of the Rama Sethu Bridge or Adam's Bridge in Rameswaram'' The Union Minister for Shipping T.R.Balu and the Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Karunanidhi are committed to the supreme Dravidian cause of destruction of the Rama Sethu Bridge just in order to deal a death blow to the sacred feelings and susceptibilities of millions and millions of Hindus in India and the world. Karunanidhi and T.R.Balu, deathly enemies of Eternal Hinduism, have shown again and again that they are no less ignorant than Mrs.Ambika Soni in their Himalyan ignorance of historically established facts about the Rama Sethu Bridge or Adam's Bridge.
I can do poetic justice to the self-opinionated, self-proclaiming arrogance of the anti-Hindu trio of Mrs.Ambika Soni, T.R.Balu and Karunanidhi only in the words of one of the greatest of Chinese poets of classical antiquity Lao-tzü (6th century BC) who described the impotent and ignorant Cabinet Ministers of his time in these words:
''Those who speak know nothing
Those who know are silent
Those who know and speak are impotent''!
The trouble with Mrs Ambika Soni, T R Balu and Karunanidhi is that even though they know nothing on Rama Sethu and do not want to know anything about it, yet they can never be silent on it. Theirs is a kind of vocal, loud and raucous Imperial ignorance on stilts! For them shame - both inner and outer- is communal and non-secular; brash shamelessness is secular, non-communal, refined, cosmopolitan and global!
Another Chinese poet Su Tung-p'o (1036-1101 CE), in a great poem which he composed after the birth of his son and which lives in common speech even today, prayed to the Almighty that his new-born son should never become an ignorant Cabinet Minister. Here is the poem:
''Families, when a child is born
Want it to be intelligent.
I, through intelligence,
Having wrecked my whole life,
Only hope the baby will prove
Ignorant and stupid.
Then he will crown a tranquil life
By becoming a Cabinet Minister.''
To silence if not to outwit the arrogant, irresponsible Cabinet Ministers in high office in New Delhi and Madras today, I would like to cite a few references from printed books and documents where there are textual references to Rama's Bridge or Adam's Bridge or Sethu Bandhana.
1. Marco Polo (1254 -1324) was a Venetian trader and explorer who gained fame for his worldwide travels, recorded in his book IL MILIONE (''The Million'' or The Travels of Marco Polo). He visited several ports in India. A book ''On The travels of Marco Polo'' translated by Marsden into English was published in England in 1854. In this book Rama's Bridge has been described as SETABUND-RAMESWARA which only means Setu-Bandha (page-380).
2. A Catalogue of the Mammals in the Museum of the Hon. East-India Company, East India Company Museum written by Thomas Horsfield (1773-1859), was published in England in 1851. In this Catalogue, Rama's Bridge was used as a reference point to define the expanse of Bharatam. We can see from this Catalogue, adequate pointers to the rich biodiversity of the flora and fauna of Rameshwaram and its environs.
3. Sir William Jones (1746-1794) in his ''Discourses delivered before the Asiatic society'' published in 1801 (p. 29) has observed as follows:
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4. Arnold Hermann (1835) in his ''Historical researches into the politics, intercourse, and trade of the principal nations of antiquity'' translated from the German into English, Oxford University Press (p.89) wrote:
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5. William Yates, 1846, A dictionary of Sanscrit and English, designed for the use of private students and of Indian colleges and schools, Baptist Mission Press, (p.821)
The entry, samudraaru or samudraarah is given the meaning: Rama's bridge.
6. William Fordyce Mavor, 1807, Universal history, ancient and modern, Oxford University Press (p.216)
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7. A.J. Valpay, 1825, THE CLASSIC JOURNAL, Vol. XXXI, Cl.Jl., No. LXII, Oxford University Press (p.26) wrote:
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8. Clements Robert Markham, 1862, 'Travels in Peru and India' published by Murray, (p.423). Markham was Surveyor General of India in the 19th century. Markham wrote:
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9. Charlotte Speir Manning, George Scharf, 1856, ''Life in Ancient India'', Oxford University Press (p. 117).
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10. Lodovico de Varthema, George Percy Badger, John Winter Jones, 1863, The travels of Ludovico di Varthema in Egypt, Syria, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix, in Persia, India..., Published for the Hakluyt Society, London (Translated into English from the original Italian edition), (p.185)
''...The expedition of Ram to Ceylon, and his victory over Rhavan or Rhaban, King of that island, is one of the fables of Hindu mythology, but he passed into the island at the strait, since called, by the Mohamedans, Adam's Bridge. The whole country round, in consequence of this, preserves the memorial of his conquest. There is a Ramanad-buram on the continent close to the Bridge; a Rami-Ceram, or country of Ram, the island close to the continent; [Rameswaram, called Rammanana Kojel by Baldaeus, and Ramonan Coil by D'Anville;] and a Point Rama on the continent.
 Complex In Indonesia (9th century AD). | The Bridge itself, formed by the shoals between Rami-ceram and Mannar, is Rama's Bridge; and in Rami-ceram is Ramar-Koil, the temple of Ram. This Koil or temple (Koil means temple in Malayalim) is undoubtedly the origin of Koru; and the repetition of it three times in Ptolemy is in perfect correspondence with the allusion to Ram at the present''. Mrs.Ambika Soni, the disgraceful Union Minister for Culture, soaked and steeped in her self-chosen, imperious, insolent, comfortable, cozy, and self-confident ignorance, may not be aware of the fact that there are exquisite sculptures of Rama Setu carved in the 9th and 10th centuries AD at Prambanan Temple, Java, Indonesia. Also known as Loro Jongrang Temple (Temple of the Slender Maiden), Prambanan Temple was built in the 9th century and is the largest Hindu temple complex in Indonesia. |  Prambanan Temple in Indonesia. |
One of the most beautiful sculptures at Prambanan Temple is the one depicting the Vaanara Sena carrying stones, in their arms and on their heads, to build Rama's Bridge or Rama Setu or Nala Setu to Sri Lanka, followed by SRI RAMA, carrying a sword.
The details and the authentic facts about the continued existence of the Rama Setu Bridge I have presented above will serve to show that ancient books and documents serve as mile stones in the development of the human spirit. All of them have shaped or left their mark on our thinking as Hindus today. The Pioneer 10 Plaque, sent into space on 2 March 1972, was the first man made object to escape from the Solar System into inter-stellar space. To some persons, Pioneer 10 Plaque may seem foolish and even superfluous. One may ask: Is there any point in proclaiming our existance into a void- into a dark, boundless, unknown and unknowable future? The great sages and saints who wrote the Vedas and the Upanishads in ancient India, authors and transmitters of the great human statements we have inherited as an integral part of our ancient Hindu heritage-did any of them know whether their good tidings would ever survive in the uncharted future, when and where their words might take effect, when or how later generations might change or even deform them? These ancient men's uncertainity, the risk they ran, was no less great than that of the Pioneer 10 Plaque let loose in space in 1972. All these defiant gestures prove for all time that man is an intrinsically transcendental creature who realises himself to the extent that, step by step, flight by flight, he crosses the obstacles that nature and the elements have put in his way. At the same time he must also conquer the difficult obstacles that confront him and besiege him from within, inorder to become more human than he is today.
''The Rules of Evidence are founded in the charities of religion-in the philosophy of nature-in the truths of history, and in the experience of common life''-Lord Chancellor of England, Hon'ble Justice Thomas Erskine (1794).
Coins constitute a major source of information for the history of Rama Setu or Ramar Bridge or Setu Bandhana or Adam's Bridge. The discipline or science relating to the study of coins is known as Numismatics. Coin collecting has existed since ancient times. It is a well known fact that Roman Emperors were among some of the earliest coin collectors. Coin collecting has been called the 'Hobby of Kings'. Numismatics reached its apex due to the great demand for ancient coins during the late middle Ages and the early Renaissance.
Coming to our own country, we have remarkable epigraphical and numismatic evidence, starting from 10th century AD, authenticating the tradition of referring to Rameswaram as Setu Bandha Rameswaram, that is, as the place from where the Rama Setu Bridge was built to link Bharatam and Sri Lanka in the days of Sri Rama.
We have many early coins in South India bearing the inscription of 'Setu' in Tamil. We also have copper plates of Pallava Aparajitavarman (900 AD) which indicate that Aparajitavarman went to SETUTIRTHA (Rameshwaram and Dhanushkoti). Likewise Udayendiram copper plates of Chola King Parantaka I (AD 907-955) refer to his adoption of the title Samgramaraghava like RAMA. The details relating to these copper plates have been given in the monograph titled Thiruttani and Velanjeri Copper Plates written by Dr. R.Nagaswamy (Director of Archaeology) and published by the State Department of Archaeology Government of Tamilnadu in 1979.
I am presenting below these two copper plates of Pallava King Aparajitavarman (900 AD) and Chola King Parantaka I (AD 907-955) for visual scrutiny and understanding.
Codrington in his book ''Ceylon Coins and Currency'' published in 1924 and Mitchiner in his book ''Oriental Coins'' published in 1978 have clearly pointed out that the traditional design of Sri Lanka standing King Type Copper Massa (coins) of the Jaffna Arya Chkravartis from 1284 AD to 1410 AD always bore the Tamil legend SETU. Setu coins were previously attributed to the Setupati Princes of Ramnad. Codrington and Mitchner attribute them strongly to the Jaffna Arya Chkravartis. I am presenting below the obverse and reverse side of one of the coins issued by Jaffna Arya Chkravartis from 1284 to 1410 AD.
In the book, 'Yaalpana Iraachchiyam' (1992), Prof. S. Pathamanathan in his article on 'Coins' notes:
Early kings of Jaffna, sometimes referred to as Ariyacakravarti, used names such as Segarajasekaran and Pararajasekaran, and used the epithets Singaiyariyan (Lord of Singaingar, the earlier capital of the Kingdom of Jaffna), SETUKAVALAN (Guardian of Setu or Rameshwaram) and Gangainadan (belonging to the country of the Ganga). Their emblems were a recumbent bull -nanthi-, a Saiva symbol, and the expression SETU, indicating the place of their origin, Rameshwaram. The term Setu was also used as an expression of benediction.
Several types of coins categorized as SETU BULL coins are found in large quantities in the northern part of Sri Lanka. I am illustrating one of the types of these Setu Bull Coins below. The obverse of this coin has a human figure flanked by lamps and the reverse has the Nandi (bull) symbol with the legend Sethu in Tamil with a crescent moon above.
P Pushparatnam in his brilliant paper ''Murukan Worship Sri Lanka: New Archeological Evidence'' has observed:'' The Europeans first employed the utilization of numismatics as a source for historical research in the 18th century AD. The European officers who were in charge of the Archaeological Survey of India and the Civil Service and other officers employed in India in the 19th century took interest in the collection and study of coins. In Sri Lanka, numismatics received wider attention in the 20th century. As important as epigraphical data is, numismatics is restricted in its content as few names or words and certain symbols in figurative form or forms appear in them. They are very valuable to reconstruct the history of a particular dynasty and its chronology. Evidence of the coins issued by the Sri Lankan Tamils is now available. This period ranges from the 3rd century BC to the 17th century AD. These throw a flood of light on various aspects such as the ancient language, script, genesis of Kingdoms, settlements of people, commerce, foreign relations and so on''
P Pushparatnam has analysed the following two coins issued by the Tamil rulers of Nallur in Jaffna who ruled during 13th - 17th century AD. We can see the inscription of the word SETU in Tamil, apart from the figures of Nandi and Peacock.
Leonard Wolf, husband of the great English novelist Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) worked as a British Civil Servant in Ceylon in the first decade of the 20th century. In one of his early News Paper articles, he has referred to the widespread use of old Setu Coins (with letters in Tamil) in circulation in Jaffna.
RAMA SETU BRIDGE IN EPIGRAPHS
India is rich in ancient inscriptions. They form a priceless resource base for the study of India's cultural, religious, social and linguistic heritage. Through the centuries, in all parts of the country, inscriptions were etched, engraved, pecked, or even sometimes carved in bas-relief on stones or on the rock-faces of cliffs and hills. They were also inscribed on temple walls. Epigraphy is the study of such texts, the science of deciphering and interpreting them.
Rashtrakuta literature is the body of work created in Sanskrit and Kannada languages during the rule of the Rastrakutas of Manyakheta, a dynasty that ruled the southern and central parts of the Deccan, India between the 8th and 10th centuries. The period of their rule was an important time in the history of South Indian literature. During that period famous scholars wrote on secular subjects such as mathematics, history, political science etc.
We find the most common reference to RAMA in early Rashtrakuta inscriptions in a verse that began appearing commonly at the end of the citation on land-grants from the early 9th century onwards in the Rashtrakuta regions.
Apart from Rashtrakuta Inscriptions, I am citing below a few other examples:
1. ''Common to all kings is the SETHU OF DHARMA: you should abide by it moment by moment. Again and again Ramabhadra implores all future kings to do the same'' (Epigraphica Indica 23.212 - a record of AD 807)...
2. Tiruvalangadu plates of RAJARAJA COLA I (CE 985-1014) describe the king as surpassing RAMA in military prowess and crossing the ocean with his powerful army and subduing the king of Lanka...
3. In the temples of Orissa dated from 7th to 10th centuries, RAMA is represented and described both as an avatara of Vishnu as also the hero of the Ramayana narrative which includes a pointed reference to the construction of Rama Setu Bridge with graphic details.
4. Hampi inscription of Krishnadevaraya Saka 1430 (1508 AD) in Epigraphica Indica refers to the glory of RAMA SETHU.
5. In a Copper Plate of the 11th century, issued by the CHALUKYA dynasty of Kalyana, we find the expression 'from the Himalaya to the Setu Bridge' (Ind. Antiq. i. 81), i.e. the Bridge of Rama, or 'Adam's Bridge,' as our maps have it today.
T Satyamurthy, formerly Director of Archaeology, Government of Kerala, in a seminal essay titled ''Palk Strait to Gulf of Mannar-an Archaeological Exploration'' has observed ''Separating the Gulf of Mannar on the South from the Palk Strait on the North is a chain of islands, reefs, shoals and shallows, consisting of island of Mannar, Ramar Bridge also known as Adam's Bridge, the island of Pamban. Significantly the Strait is flanked by two ancient temples Ramanatha Temple and Tiruketesvara Temple on Indian and Sri Lanka Sides respectively. In Indian Side, it attains importance because of its association with Ramayana Epic and equally on the other Side also the MANTAI is significant as the place is associated with Mandothari, the daughter of Mayon and wife of Ravana.... Thus it is clear that both the ends at Palk Straits in India and the Gulf of Mannar were culturally united for centuries...Had they used the Ramar Palam known as Adam's Bridge or Naval Boat to reach the other end? Was it possible to navigate safely in between these ends? These are some of the problems that require further proof....there can be no doubt that the Romans during their long period of friendly trade with Ceylon from the 1st century to 3rd centuries made regular use of Mannar Passage on both outward and return voyages. Evidences of using the Palk Strait for navigation in the ancient period could not be established. It is now obligatory to marine Archaeological Investigators to thoroughly scan the area to find out the nature of path way between the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar''.
Dangerous enemies of Hinduism and Eternal India today like Mrs Ambika Soni, T R Balu and Karunanidhi, are using the shifty language of dirty party politics to deny the existence of Rama Setu Bridge. Their strange language is full of Maya and falsities of self-illusion and deliberate delusion of others, which almost immediately turns all true and vivid phrases into a 'Pseudo-Secular Jargon', so that the masses of people whom they mislead may fight in a cloud of words without any clear sense of the thing they are battling for.
We are used to being told that India has no historiography, no historiographical literature. And therefore no history and that Indians think in terms of millions of years, cyclical and recurrent. This is a colonial perspective that is clearly absurd. This is the view of Marxist historians produced like house flies by the Jawaharlal Nehru University during the last 30 years. This is also the view of Islamic historians from Aligarh Muslim University who still continue to believe in the two-nation theory of Mohammad Ali Jinnah. Our tragedy today is that Islam-Embracing, Christianity-Coveting and Hindu-Hating treacherous trio of Mrs Ambika Soni, T R Balu and Karunanidhi are sharing the same colonial perspective of British India in so far as the Hindus of India and their great heritage are concerned.
There are extensive and detailed references to Rama Setu or Ramar Bridge or Setu Bandhana or Adam's Bridge in Sanskrit Literature. Ramayana, attributed to the poet Valmiki, is one of the most important literary works on ancient India. The Ramayana has had a profound impact on art and culture in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.
Valmiki in his Ramayana describes construction of this bridge between Slokas 2-22-50 and 2-22-72:
''I am a son born of Visvakarma's own loins. I am equal to Viswakarma. This god of Ocean has reminded me. The great ocean spoke the truth. Being unasked, I have not told you my details earlier. I am capable of constructing a bridge across the ocean. Hence, let the foremost of monkeys build the bridge now itself. Then, being sent by Rama, hundreds and thousands of monkey heroes jumped in joy on all sides towards the great forest. Those army-chiefs of monkeys, who resembled mountains, broke the rocks and trees there and dragged them away towards the sea. Those monkeys filled the ocean with all types of trees like Sala and Asvakarna, Dhava and bamboo, Kutaja, Arjuna, Palmyra, Tilaka, Tinisa, Bilva, Saptaparna, Karnika, in blossom as also mango and Asoka. Some others drew up strings a hundred Yojanas long (in order to keep the rocks in a straight line.) Nala on his part initiated a monumental bridge in the middle of the ocean. The bridge was built at that time with the cooperation of other monkeys, of terrible doings. Some monkeys were holding poles for measuring the bridge and some others collected the material. Reeds and logs resembling clouds and mountains, brought by hundreds of monkeys, lead by the command of Rama, fastened some parts of the bridge. Monkeys constructed the bridge with trees having blossom at the end of their boughs...That Nala, the strong and illustrious son of Visvakarma and an excellent monkey built the bridge across the sea as truly as his father would have built it. That beautiful and lovely bridge constructed by Nala across the ocean, the abode of alligators, shone brightly like a milky way of stars in the sky.''
From Valmiki Ramayana we can see that when Rama and Sita are flying in Pushpa Vimana, Rama tells Sita '' You can see the grand ocean of SETU BANDHANAM down below, worshipped by one and all in all the three worlds, over which we are flying now. This is a very sacred spot which can help all destroy their sins. In this very sacred spot Lord Shiva came to reside aeons ago just in order to help me''. Here is the relevant Sanskrit verse from Valmiki in Tamil transliteration:
Apart from the Valmiki Ramayana which has emphatic and graphic references to the construction of Setu Bandhana in 85 slokas in a separate sarga in Yuddha Kanda, Mahabharata also refers to the continued protection of Nala Setu following the command of Sri Rama. KALIDASA too in his Raghuvamsa extols the glory and grandeur of Sri Rama.
SKANDA PURANA (VI.101.1-44) describes the installation of three Shiva lingas at the end, middle and beginning of Rama Setu and making the same bridge submerged under waters of the ocean and thereby creating Setu-Teerth.
The construction of Rama Setu is also described in Kurma Purana (21.10-61), Vishnu Purana (IV.4.40-49), Agni Purana (V-XI) and Brahma Purana (138.1-40). Garuda Purana (1.81.1-22) lists the sacred places including Setubandh and Rameswar. Narada Purana (Uttara Bhag 76.1-20) goes into raptures on the immortal greatness of Rama Setu.
There is a kavya in Prakrit by King Pravarasena II (550-600 CE) called ''Setu bandha or Ravanavaho''.''Dasamuha Vadha'' (Setubandha Kavya) was written by the King Damodara Sen (5th Century).
Shantikumar Nanooram Vyas in his book 'INDIA IN THE RAMAYANA AGE' (1967) gives the following description of the Rama Setu Bridge in the light of the literary evidence he has gleaned from Valmiki's Ramayana (pages 252-264): ''A still more eloquent proof of the high level of efficiency of civil engineering of the day is afforded by the construction of the Bridge across the ocean in Lanka. In building the bridges across this infinite depth and breadth in time, remarkable speed and dexterity must have been displayed by the Vanara forces. Engines or cranes were used for uprooting trees and crags and transporting them to the edge of the water. Sutras (measuring lines) were used by the builders to be sure that the rocks were laid out in a straight line. Dandas or measuring rods were also used. Small stones, grass, creepers and sticks (kaashtha) were used as building material. The Vanaras threw the huge tree first, then weighted them with rocks and used small stones, sticks, grass and creepers as materials for filling the crevices. The co-operation and co-ordination between the different workers was so perfect that within five days the marvelous structure stood complete and finished (VI.22.56-76). The vehicles used for carrying, and conveying, men and goods from one place to another were known as yaanas (II.92.35)''
An exquisite sculpture of the Gupta period dating back to the 5th - 6th century AD depicting Vanaras building the Rama Setu Bridge to Sri Lanka has been shown below:
Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple compound in Indonesia, located in central Java. It was built around 850 AD by either Rakai Pikatan, king of the second Mataram dynasty or Balitung Maha Sambu, of the Sanjaya dynasty. Today, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the largest Hindu temples in south-east Asia. There are beautiful sculptures depicting the construction of the Rama Setu Bridge by the Vanaras. We can see one of those beautiful sculptures from Prambanan Shiva Temple below:
Apart from Valmiki Ramayana and Mahabharata, there are innumerable references to the Rama Setu Bridge in Tamil literature. Sangam Literature is one of the main sources used for documenting the early history of the ancient Tamil country. The facts I am presenting below are based on an article in Tamil titled ''The Truth of Rama Sethu in literature'' by Veera Rangarajan of Ithihasa Sanglana Samithi, Tamil Nadu.
In Agananooru, there is a direct reference to Rama directing the construction of the Rama Setu Bridge which has been presented below:
Thiruganasambandar in his Thevaram refers to Rama controlling and containing the ferocious waves of the ocean in order to complete the construction of the Rama Setu Bridge. Likewise Thirunavukarasar in his Thevaram describes how Rama filled the ocean with mountains in order to create the Rama Setu Bridge. SETU in Tamil means a DAM or what is called in Tamil as ''SEIKARAI''. 'Seikarai' means to create or build a shore.
There is a 16th century work in Tamil titled Setu Mahatmiyam which is also referred to as Setu Puranam in local tradition and legend Nirambaazagiyasingar was the author of this poetical work. This work was edited by the great Tamil savant and scholar Yalpanam Nallur Arumuganavalar in the 19th century and published by the Trustees of Saivapprakasha Vidya Salai of Chidambaram in Madras Presidency. Sri Ponnuswamy Thevar of Ramanathapuram Samasthanam, a great Saiva Siddthantha scholar, played a catalytic role in the matter of printing and publication of this 16th century classic Setu Mahatmiyam. Sodavadanam Subburaya Chettiyar, a prominent disciple of Thirisirapuram Mahavidvan Meenakshisundaram Pillai, wrote an invocatory poem to this edition of this great work. Consisting of 45 Sargas and 3438 songs/poems and marked by majesty of thought and loftiness of expression, this work makes a beautiful presentation of the construction of the Rama Setu Bridge. In a chapter entitled Setu Churukkam, the glorious significance of Setu is brought out in 64 verses.
Starting from 1850 to 1930, there existed a popular cultural tradition in Ramanathapuram District and Southern Districts relating to the widespread public performances of Kathakalakshebam (public musical/religious/spiritual discourses with musical and percussion accompaniments like Violin, Mirdangam etc) about the glory of Rameshwaram and Rama Setu Bridge. Many outstanding itinerant exponents of Kathakalakshebam used go from village to village ant town to town and give public performances and discourses under the general title of ''SETU BANDHANA MAHATTUVAM''. Thousands of Hindu devotees used to congregate at these performances with great enthusiasm. A great scholar called Arumuga Upadhiyayar in Ramanathapuram District collected the traditional texts of these Kathakalakshebam performers and recorded and preserved them on Palm Leaves in his own hand writing towards the end of the 19th century. Half a century later, in 1957 an enterprising publisher called M.R.M.S. Ramalinga Pillai in Ramanathapuram Town brought out a book under the title 'SETU MAHATTUVAM'. Here is a sample verse from ''SETU BANDHANA MAHATTUVAM'':
From all these accounts it should be clear that there is irrefutable literary evidence, scriptural evidence, numismatic evidence, epigraphic evidence, architectural and sculptural evidence and above all time-defying historic evidence regarding the continued existence of the Rama Setu Bridge (Setu Bandhana) or Adam's Bridge for centuries which can stand the strictest judicial scrutiny in any court of law in India and abroad. Against this background, the recent irresponsible and reprehensible statement of Mrs. Ambika Soni in the Lok Sabha to the effect that there is no scientific evidence regarding the existence of the Rama Setu Bridge can be dismissed as absurd and childish. To Islam-Embracing, Christianity-Coveting and Hindu-Hating pseudo-secular Indian Talibans (!!!) like Mrs. Ambika Soni, T R Balu and Karunanidhi, I would only say with unshakable humility on behalf of more than 800 millions of Hindus in India and several Millions of Hindus outside India in all parts of the world: ''We know how to vaccinate ourselves against Small Pox. We are at a loss to understand as to how we should vaccinate ourselves against your pseudo-secular small minds''.
Labels: Hindu-Hating, Ram Sethu
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